SOFÍA VARGAS INDEPENDENT WORK

THE APACHES

Tribes:

"The word Apache is believed to be derived from a Zuni word meaning "enemy".
The Apache Indians are divided into six sub-tribes
Bedonkohe....Be-don-ko-he
Chieahen....Chi-e-a-hen
Chihenne....Chi-hen-ne, (Ojo Caliente), (Hot Springs) Apaches
Chokonen....Cho-kon-en, Chiricahua Apache
Nedni....Nendi
White Mountain Apache"1

"These distinct groups can be organized by dialects:

The Western Apache (Coyotero) traditionally occupied most of eastern Arizona and included the White Mountain, Cibuecue, San Carlos, and Northern and Southern Tonto bands. San Carlos, Aravaipa, White Mountain, Northern Tonto, Southern Tonto, and Cibecue in Arizona, Chiricahua and Mimbreno in Arizona and New Mexico, Mescalero (Faraon) in New Mexico and Mexico, Jicarilla (Tinde) in New Mexico and Colorado, Kiowa-Apache (Gataka) in Oklahoma, and Lipan in Texas and Mexico. Western Apache (Coyotero), Eastern Arizona.

They exchanged buffalo hides, tallow and meat, bones that could be worked into needles and scrapers for hides, and salt from the desert with the Pueblos for pottery, cotton, blankets, turquoise, corn and other goods. But at times they simply saw what they wanted and took it. They became known among the Pueblo villages by another name, Apachu, "the enemy""1.

APACHE WARRIORS

"The Apache's guerrilla war tactics came naturally and were unsurpassed. The name Apache struck fear into the hearts of Pueblo tribes, and in later years the Spanish, Mexican, and Anglo-American settlers, which they raided for food, and livestock.

The Apache and the Pueblos managed to maintain generally peaceful relations. But the arrival of the Spaniards changed everything. A source of friction was the activity of Spanish slave traders, who hunted down captives to serve as labor in the silver mines of Chihuahua in northern Mexico. The Apache, in turn, raided Spanish settlements to seize cattle, horses, firearms, and captives of their own.

The prowess of the Apache in battle became legend. It was said that an Apache warrior could run 50 miles without stopping and travel more swiftly than a troop of mounted soldiers"1.

FAMILY AND LIFESTILE

"Apache, lived as plainsmen in western Kansas and Texas. A strict code of conduct governed Apache life, based on strong family loyalties. Each Apache group was composed of extended families or clans. Basic social, economic, and political units based on female inherited leadership. The most important bond led from an Apache mother to her children and on to her children. Marriage within one's own clan is forbidden. When the son married his obligations from then on were to his mother-in-law's family.

Beyond this code of propriety and family obligations, the Apache shared a rich oral history of myths and legends and a legacy of intense religious devotion that touched virtually every aspect of their lives"1.

HERO

"Geronimo was born Goyathlay (One Who Yawns) in 1829, and got his better-known name from the way Mexican soldiers mispronounced it. It was in Mexico that he learned to hate and fight, after his first wife and three children were killed in a massacre by the Mexican army. The guerrilla tactics he used against settlers and soldiers in Arizona had been developed by the Apaches over several centuries, ever since the Spanish conquests. The Chiricahua Apaches who recognised Geronimo as a war leader (although he was born a Bedonkohe Apache) were semi-nomads who supplemented farming with raiding, and so guerrilla warfare came naturally; when the US took the southwest from Mexico in 1848 they continued their insurgency. Geronimo and his warriors were highly resourceful in adapting the technology of their industrialised enemy - especially rifles. At the beginning of the Apache wars they were still relying on the bow and arrow, but the more whites they killed, the more guns they acquired.

Geronimo finally surrendered after negotiations in 1887, but the US reneged on all promises and treated him as a common prisoner. He and hundreds of his people eked out an existence in prisons far from their homeland until his death at Fort Sill, Oklahoma, in 1909. The reason there are so many photographs of him is that he learned to exploit the one resource left - his own name and image. He charged to have his picture taken and kept a stock of photographs for sale, charging extra for his signature. He has signed the picture in which he wears what he called a "war bonnet". He also sold the bonnet"2.

SUNRISE DANCE: Women

"From early spring to late fall, Apache girls reaching maturity are honored by their tribe with the Sunrise Dance. This ancient ritual is a test of a girl's endurance and discipline, and a celebration of her womanhood. The Sunrise Dance typically lasts four days. During this time, the girl being honored is dancing almost constantly, to the accompaniment of over 100 songs. Although she is assisted by her godparents and friends, it's a difficult task. Each stage of the ceremony is precisely choreographed, and the girl is not permitted to falter. Beverly Malone, a member of the White Mountain Apache Tribe, is with the Fort Apache Cultural Center in Arizona. She tells us about the teachings contained in the songs and the symbols of the ceremony.

"This particular dance teaches Apache values of language, culture, food and love, prayers, respect, wisdom, cooperation, appreciation and endurance."

The Indian dancers used ankle wraps to accompany their dances. There are bells atatched to a strap of leather. When you move your leg the ankle wrap rattles and jingles. They also placed these on their knees, elbows, or ankles.

For most of the four days and nights, to songs and prayers, they dance, as well as run toward the four directions. During this time, they also participate in and conduct sacred rituals, receiving and giving both gifts and blessings, and experiencing their own capacity to heal.

In the early 1900s, when the U.S. government banned Native American spiritual practices and rituals, conducting the Sunrise Ceremony was an illegal act; as a result, its practice diminished, and those ceremonies that did occur were conducted secretly.

Women play a vital role in Apache culture, and the Sunrise Dance is a way for the entire community to recognize and celebrate the meaning and value of womanhood.

"Usually the women are the main ones that are the teachers, and they are the stronghold for the family. The children claim their mom's side of the clan, and the father's clan is just like the distant family clan. It's the woman that holds the family together -- that's the boss in the family."

The Apaches were hunter, farmers and seed gatherers. They knew every land feature in the plains. Apache women built irrigation ditches and planted corn. The crops were not very good, so hunters searched the land for deers, gophers, wild turkeys and lizards. The women gathered cactus fruit and acorns. The Apache loved raiding and warfare, and boys were trained for warfare since they were born. They could walk for miles without any food or water . They learned to hunt, stand guard, keep silent,and send and read smoke signals. When the boys were 15 years old they were ready to go to war. Young girls were trained by their mothers to do the household chores. The girls married very young. The daughters husband was not aloud to talk or see their mother-in-law.

Not until 1978, when the American Indian Religious Freedom Act was passed, was the Sunrise Ceremony openly re-established on most reservations. But even today, because of the expense and time involved - which also includes four days of preparation and four days of teaching and recovery - some girls celebrate for one or two days, rather than have four day ceremonies. The families of girls entering puberty in a particular year may also sponsor joint Sunrise ceremonies, in which two or more newly menstruating girls celebrate the rites of Changing Women together"3.

APACHE SYMBOLS

"The importance of the circle is depicted by the shape of the four sacred hoop symbols. The shape of many traditional homes is round, such as the Apache wickiup, the Navajo hogan, and the tipi of the Lakota. Religious ceremonies are performed in circular structures, such as in the hogan and the tipi. Traditional dances are also performed in a circle. The motion of the sun, moon, and stars across the sky is circular. The life paths of all creatures, including humans, are also circular.

Apache Hoop---Dee´ (San Carlos Apache) and Ndee´ (White Mountain Apache)

The Apache hoop is used in traditional ceremonies and the type of ceremony determines whether a single hoop or four hoops are used. The hoop represents the cycle of life from birth to death. It possesses special powers, which could be used, for example, to bless an individual when the hoop completely encircles the body. The hoop also has healing and protective powers.

The single Apache hoop has one of the four sacred colors of the tribe: black, green, (blue), yellow and white. These colors represent the four directions, the four seasons, and the four major divisions of the day. An eagle feather is tied at four locations on the hoop. To the Apache, and almost all tribes, the eagle is a sacred bird and its feathers are believed to have special powers.

The basket symbolizes one’s realm of existence with the center opening representing one’s birth into this world and the various designs representing the plains and sacred mountains among which one dwells.

The Apaches are commonly known for their incredible endurance and warfare skills. First arriving in the Southwest sometime between A.D.1000 and 1400, the Apaches carved out a home on the south side of the Rocky mountains. As early as 1540, the Apaches confronted Coronado in eastern New Mexico and were called "vaqueros." By the 1600's, they were also living in Arizona. Between 1656 and 1675, the Apaches continuously raided Spanish Settlers and Pueblo Indians in what is now known as New Mexico. In 1680, their population was approximately 5000. In 1692, the Spaniards reconquered New Mexico and the Apaches were starting to make enemies"3.

RELIGION AND CEREMONIES:

"The ceremonies are invariably called "dances." Among these are the rain dance, a puberty right, the sunrise dance for young women, a harvest and good crop dance, and a spirit dance. The Apache are devoutly religious and pray on many occasions and in various ways. Recreated in the human form, Apache spirits are supposed to dwell in a land of peace and plenty, where there is neither disease or death" 3.

"SONG OF APACHE INDIANS"

HUH WUHLI NICH

"Ha- nam-a yo- o ya hai huh-wurt . . .
far on the dessert redges stands the cactus

Ka- na - hu- va muh- muhk
lo the blossoms swaying

Ka- cho-wuch-chi ka-no- ya ki-moi
to and fro the blossoms swaying, swaying"3

APACHE RITHUALS, CERIMONIES, AND BELIEFS

"The Apache belived that there was once supernatural beings that lived with people.Today the Apache still belive that spirits live with humans in certain mountains and realms underground that they own.They would not eat bear or fish meat.The Apache would bathe in a lake to cleanse the spirit.The Apache belived that they were blood relatives with mother nature.They belived that they were the mountains ,the trees, rocks and the wind"4.

What is the Apache Sunrise Ceremony?

"The Apache Sunrise Ceremony or na'ii'ees is an arduous communal four-day ceremony that Apache girls of the past and present experience soon after their first menstruation. Through numerous sacred ceremonies, dances, songs, and enactments, the girls become imbued with the physical and spiritual power of White Painted Woman, and embrace their role as women of the Apache nation.

For most of the four days and nights, to songs and prayers, they dance, as well as run toward the four directions. During this time, they also participate in and conduct sacred rituals, receiving and giving both gifts and blessings, and experiencing their own capacity to heal.

In the early 1900s, when the U.S. government banned Native American spiritual practices and rituals, conducting the Sunrise Ceremony was an illegal act; as a result, its practice diminished, and those ceremonies that did occur were conducted secretly.

Not until 1978, when the American Indian Religious Freedom Act was passed, was the Sunrise Ceremony openly re-established on most reservations. But even today, because of the expense and time involved - which also includes four days of preparation and four days of teaching and recovery - some girls celebrate for one or two days, rather than have four day ceremonies. The families of girls entering puberty in a particular year may also sponsor joint Sunrise ceremonies, in which two or more newly menstruating girls celebrate the rites of Changing Women together"5.

What myth does the Sunrise ceremony re-enact?

"The first woman, White Painted Woman (also known as Esdzanadehe, and Changing Woman) survives the great Flood in an abalone shell, then wanders the land as the waters recede. Atop a mountain, she is impregnated by the sun, and gives birth of a son, Killer of Enemies. Soon afterwards, she is impregnated by the Rain, and gives birth to Son of Water.

However, the world the People live in is not safe until White Painted Woman's sons kill the Owl Man Giant who has been terrorizing the tribe. When they return from their victory, bringing the meat they have hunted, White Painted Woman expresses a cry of triumph and delight, which later will be echoed by the godmother at the Sunrise Ceremony. She then is guided by spirits to establish a puberty rite to be given for all daughter born to her people, and to instruct the women of the tribe in the ritual, and the rites of womanhood.

When she becomes old, White Painted Woman walks east toward the sun until she meets her younger self, merges with it, and becomes young again. Thus repeatedly, she is born again and again, from generation to generation"5.

What purpose does it serve for the girls who experience it?

"The Sunrise Ceremony serves many purposes - personally, spiritually and communally - and is often one of the most memorable and significant experiences of Apache females today, just as it was for Apache women in the past.

First, by re-enacting the Creation myth, and personifying White Painted Woman, the girl connects deeply to her spiritual heritage, which she experiences, often for the first time, as the core of her self. In her connection to Changing Woman/ White Painted Woman, she gains command over her weaknesses and the dark forces of her nature, and knows her own spiritual power, sacredness and her goodness. She also may discover her own ability to heal.

Second, she learns about what it means to become a woman, first through attunement to the physical manifestations of womanhood such as as menstruation (and learning about sexuality), as well as the development of physical strength and endurance. The rigorous physical training she must go through in order to survive four days of dancing and running is considerable, and surviving and triumphing during the "sacred ordeal" strengthens her both physically and emotionally. Most Apache women who have experienced the Sunrise Ceremony say afterwards that it significantly increased their self-esteem and confidence. When it ended, they no longer felt themselves to be a child; they truly experienced themselves as "becoming woman."

Third, the Apache girl entering womanhood experiences the interpersonal and communal manifestations of womanhood in her culture - the necessity to work hard, to meet the needs and demands of others, to exercise her power for others' benefit, and to present herself to the world, even when suffering or exhausted, with dignity and a pleasant disposition. Her temperament during the ceremony is believed to be the primary indicator of her temperament throughout her future life.

Not only does she give to the community - food, gifts, healings, blessings, but she also joyfully receives from the community blessings, acceptance and love. Throughout the ceremony, she receives prayers and heartfelt wishes for prosperity, wellbeing, fruitfulness, a long life, and a healthy old age.

Finally, the Sunrise ceremony serves the community as well as the girls entering womanhood. It brings extended families and tribes together, strengthening clan obligations, reciprocity and emotional bonds, and deepening the Apache's connection to his or her own spiritual heritage"5.

What does the ceremony involve?

"The Sunrise Ceremony involves extensive preparation and teaching, often lasting six months or more before the ritual begins. Much of the preparation, such as creating the girl's highly symbolic costume, and building the lodge, requires following complex procedures and rituals; another facet of preparation is a physical regime oriented toward strengthening the girl's physical endurance. Her family also is engaged in extensive food preparation, since throughout the ceremony, they will be providing food and gifts to all participants and visitors.

Once the actual ceremony begins, the girl is guided by her sponsor and the medicine man through its many stages, including hours each day and night of dancing (the number of hours increasing each day and night), often in tandem with a companion whom she chooses as a means of support through the ceremony. Rituals of running are also important - running east toward the sun at dawn, and running toward all four directions - symbolically through the "four stages of life."

Other features of the ceremony include: re-enacting Changing Woman's story, the massaging the girl's body by her sponsor so that she is "molded" into Changing Woman, singing, chanting and praying throughout most of the night, the nightly dances of the Ga'an or Mountain Spirits and accompanying clown, and the throwing of buckskin blankets toward the four directions.

The girl is also painted (actually covered) with a sacred mixture of cornmeal and clay, which she must not wash off throughout the entire ceremony. During the last day, she blesses her people with pollen, as well as "heals" all members of her tribe who seek her healing touch and blessing; she also receives many gifts from her people"5.

Who participates?

"Most of the extended family of an Apache girl are involved in preparing her puberty ceremony. The most central figure is the sponsoring godmother, followed by the medicine man and Gans Crown Dancers.

The family take special care in choosing the godmother, who will be a role model and have a special relationship with the girl throughout her life. As her primary attendant in the Sunrise ceremony, the godmother will dance with her both day and night, massage her, help inspirit her and care for her when she is exhausted, give her food and drink, and prepare a huge dinner for all her relations. She therefore must be strong, energetic and committed.

When choosing a godmother, the family visits her residence at dawn, and places an eagle feather on her foot, offering her also a prayer stone and gifts as they request her to serve as godmother to their daughter. They may only ask four godmothers; acceptance is indicated by picking up the feather from her foot.

The medicine man also has an important role, and must be approached in a similar manner. He will preside over much of the ceremony, chanting dozens of songs and prayers, and both orchestrating and paying the singers and drummers that will accompany him.

Another female relative, usually an older sister or cousin, is also actively involved, dancing along with the girl throughout much of her ceremony, supporting her when her energy flags"5.

When and where is it celebrated today?

"Today, approximately one third of Apache girls are believed to have a Sunrise puberty ceremony - whether for four days, one day, or jointly shared with other girls of a similar age. The White Mountain Apaches of Arizona and the Fort Apache Indian Reservation sponsor about twenty Sunrise ceremonies per year, most occurring from Friday-Monday in spring or summer. Public ceremonies which outsiders may attend, and which involve several girls, occur on the Fort Apache reservation and the Mescalero reservation of New Mexico on July 4th weekend.

The work involved in sponsoring a sunrise ceremony is enormous, as is the cost, which approximates $10,000 per ceremony. The sponsoring godmother must be paid, as must the medicine man and the Gans dancers, and food must be provided for four days to the entire community. In addition, the girl's White Painted Woman costume and adornments are costly. For these reasons, extended families contribute their time and/or money, and girls may sometimes wait a year or more so that their families may join with other families to share the expenses and workload of preparing the ceremony with the families of other girls soon to enter puberty"5.

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1. http://impurplehawk.com/apache.html, Date accessed: 17/06/08

2. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2006/may/24/usa.jonathanjones, Date accessed: 17/06/08

3. http://www.greatdreams.com/apache/apache-tribe.htm, Date accessed: 17/06/08

4. http://library.thinkquest.org/5731/ceremonies.html, Date accessed: 19/06/08

5. http://www.webwinds.com/yupanqui/apachesunrise.htm, Date accessed: 19/06/08

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HOMEWORK

THE APACHE FAMILY

The Apache families establish a social organization where each people are charge with a specific labour. For example, the mother have to care the children and she have to cook, furthermore she are the head of the house and make decisions. Additionally, the Apache men have to hunt animals such as bears and buffalos while the children have to learn these assignments.

Moreover, the Apaches used the matriarchal discipline based in the leadership of the Apache women. This tribe is composed by families and clans. The legacy and the culture rich that they left us helped to maintain and remember the traditions in these times. Besides, the religious devotion was a common practice in this tribe.

RITUALS

The Apaches believed in supernatural powers. They thought that the spirits have been guide their way and gave them cleverness in order to solution problems. Their rituals are characterized by protecting their family and sending them good luck. Furthermore, they believed that they were mountains, rivers, trees and rocks.

Their most relevant ritual was The Apache Sunrise, a ceremony celebrated when the Apache girls have their first menstruation. This symbolized the turn from girl to adult. The dances and song were significant elements in order to celebrate this sacred ceremony. The strengthening personal and spiritual were the purposes of this ritual.

HERO

The hero of Apaches was Geronimo. He was the person in charge to train and guide the troops in order to fight and defend their lands and cultural systems. Moreover, Geronimo was the war leader. He expected to care and offer protection to Apache people, his strategies consisted in adapt his fight elements depending the situation so that defeat the enemy.

He was died in an ambush organized by Mexican army. Nowadays, Geronimo is remembered by his character, power of decision and strength. Furthermore, he demonstrated his intelligence in order to handle troops and direct the community warriors.

Causes and Effects Essay

APACHES A GREAT CULTURE SINCE THEIR BEGINNING

"Apachean people are natives of eastern Arizona, northwestern Mexico, New Mexico, and parts of Texas. Nowadays, for effects of reservation, they live in Arizona and New Mexico, where there are more than fifty thousand Apache Indians"[1]. Actually, they have a significant role in society and they expect to maintain their culture and traditions, although, worldwide development makes this difficult.

The Apache Indians are a strong civilization and they organized their culture with projection. They are identified by theirs strength and hard spirit. Their rituals are characterized by protecting their family and sending them good luck. The Apaches were warriors and this consequently let them remain and adapt their culture.

Undoubtedly, the transcendence of Apache Indians is meaningful because they kept their traditions in culture. Moreover, they didn’t lose their identity, although, they have been changing some customs due to worldwide development. For example, "Apache children are allowed to attend school today and many of them have become successful in society and equally important in education. Apaches have also been very active in business and industries".[2]

Finally, The Apache Indians had been changing some customs, but they maintain their thoughts and ideas even if worldwide development changes every year. They learn to adapt their customs and transcend in the world.

By: Sofía Vargas
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[1]Took from: http://members.tripod.com/Archaeology_Man/family.html.

[2] Sneve, Virginia Driving Hawk. The Apaches. New York: Holiday House, 1997, 28.

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Causes and Effects Essay

THE DISINFORMATION IN THE WORLD, THE DOOR OF A WAR

(Correction)

War changes the worldwide order; it produced serious consequence for people such as poverty and indiference. The last war between Iraq and The United States was in 2003 and it was a difficult situation for the Iraquies, because they lost their families, friends and properties. They lived the hard moments when US troops and revellious people fought in order to obtain power and control in the country.The lack of information is the first fact that began this war as well as the lack of clear norms that contribute with the organization of world.

On the other hand, when the war began, US sent troops to Iraq, the consecuence was the increase of numbers of murderes in a short term of time. According to BBC News, “more than 4,300 coalition soldiers have died - 4,000 of them Americans and the health ministry estimates in November 2006 ranged from 100,000 to 150,000 dead”.[1] Morover, due to the lack of a leadership that protects the country caused adverse effects like military weakening and it created panic in the Iraquies.

There is a real problem, as a result of the war, the place was destroied and the people had been suffering the cosequences, they had to find a new place where can live without risk, but it was imposible to find in this nation. Fortunately for iraqies, countries like France offer assistance “French Foreign Minister Bernard Kouchner was in Iraq to offer help in rebuilding the country and promoting national reconciliation”[2].

Finally, the disinformation and the lack of clear norms cause adverse effects, this is a dangerous strategy used by politician in order to mantein the power and control; equally important, is the consolidation of dialogue in the world because this avert tragedies like war. Morover, to stop with this problem is in our hands, if everybody take concience about the situation, war like this could be avoid

By: Sofía Vargas

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[1] BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/629/629/7036068.stm. Date accessed: 9/06/08

[2] BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/7429074.stm. Date accessed: 9/06/08

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COMPARING AND CONTRASTING

RITUALS

	APACHE TRIBE	INUET TRIBE
Difference	“The Apache belived that there was once supernatural beings that lived with people”. “The Apache belived that they were blood relatives with mother nature.They belived that they were the mountains, the trees, rocks and the wind”. “He Apache fear of the dead and everything connected with them. Thus, they usually buried the dead the same day they died in order to avoid any contacts with them. The Apache made the burial as far away as possible”.	“The shaman or Eskimo were thought to have special abilities in relating to the supernatural powers”. “The Eskimo believed that the universe was at harmony with its elements and that the natural and supernatural powers possessed a neutral position towards man”. “They are Psychopomp that accompanying souls, they know the ways of death and making flights or travel underworld, beside, they rescue dead from the hands of the spirits of the underworld”.
similarity	“People guided by spirits to establish control and normality”. “The Apaches were nomadic hunter”	“They see and know about the invisible, the spirits that control phenomenon such as rain, disease, etc”. “The Inuit were traditionally hunters”.

COMPARING AND CONTRASTING ESSAY

APACHE AND INUIT TRIBES AND THEIR RITUALS

The American tribes are very relevant in order to maintain culture and traditions; with their help people can understand the present times and plan their furure. Apache and Inuit are cultures specifically of North America; they are significant cultures because they contributed the society with their knowledge and experience about life. Morover, Apache and Inuit shared some customs that people remember in these times like their rituals and belief in spirits, although, they shared more different similarities.

Although both cultures are native from North America, they have some differences between them. For example “The Apache belived that they were blood relatives with mother nature.They belived that they were the mountains, the trees, rocks and the wind”[1], In contrast, the Eskimo believed that the universe and its elements were in harmoy and that the supernatural powers were a neutral position towards man.

Moreover, both thought in a different manner about dead people, while The Apaches feared and hate and they buried the dead the same day they died. On the contrary, the Eskimo were “psychopomp that accompanying souls, they know the ways of death and making flights or travel underworld, beside, they rescue dead from the hands of the spirits of the underworld”[2].

Nevertheless, they had some similarities like the Apache belived in spirits; they thought that the spirits stablished the power and control in their civilization, whereas, the Eskimo belived that some spitiris controled the rain and disease. Moreover, the Apaches and the Inuits were traditionally hunters.

Finally, North America has two considerable civiliations whish one the Apaches and Inuits; these tribes were significative by their legacies, traditions and customs. Their rituals characterized them as strong and smart people; it let people project the future with more intelligence.

By: Sofía Vargas

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[1] http://library.thinkquest.org/5731/ceremonies.html, Date accessed: 19/06/08

[2] http://intermediatehuron.blogspot.com/, Date accessed: 19/06/08

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COMPARING AND CONTRASTING ESSAY

KENNEDY AND CARTER DURING THEIR POLITIC PERIOD

The politician are very relevant, they influence people and make hard decisions. They handle country’s economy and security. Those who want to be politician need political values like responsibility, diplomacy, respect others nation and a hard power of decision and conviction. This was the key that some politicians like John F. Kennedy and Jimmy Carter used when they were president of The United States of America.

In spite of, the fact that they handled the same country, they changed the strategy in order to obtain more power and direct The United States. For example, John F. Kennedy during his period led politic events like: “The Cuban Missiles Crisis, the building of the Berlin Wall and Bay of Pigs Invasion”[1]; it was a hard situation in comparison with Jimmy Carter, who includes events during his administration like “the Panama Canal Treaties and the second round of Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT)”[2].

Although, they are different, Kennedy and Carter have thing in common; for example, the use of strategies was direct in order to find the common good in The US; in their period was characterized by they implemented political low so that they could maintain the peace and offer protection in their country. Moreover, both were smart politician that tried to implement new order in the world.

Finally, Carter and Kennedy were meaningful and a key part of US politic. Also, they kept the political values and maintained hard power of decision and conviction.

By: Sofía Vargas
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[1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy

2] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Carter

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COMPARING AND CONTRASTING ESSAY

URIBE VS. CHÁVEZ

In South America the handle of politicies is a difficult situation that continously affect several countries and their borders. Specifically, Álvaro Uribe and Hugo Chávez are two Latin American presidents that everytime fight in order to obtain power, prestige and credibility. The last times, they are famous because they quarrel by National security in Colombia and the freedom of some Colombians people. Although, they are neighbour, they don’t have a good relationship, and only some times handle diplomacy.

In spite of, their difficult relationship, Uribe and Chávez share some similarities between them like their job, both are Latin American presidents, also they are well-know and they like have permanent contact with people that they can help. Too, they know to handle the mass media and manipulate the information. Likewise, they had to do again presidential political period and they expect to follow with the power over and over times.

Nevertheless, they keep big differences beween them just like political trends, Uribe is capitalist and Chávez is socialist. Moreover, their physical appearances change completely, while Uribe is short, Chávez is height; furthermore, Uribe is skin in contrast Chávez is fat. On the other hand, their political values are differents, whereas Uribe Keep the diplomacy on the contrary Chávez prefer to be rebellious.

Finally, spite of they share a similar context, they keep their differences in the political handle; their have a little alike, and they are careful with their decisions because it let them maintain control, prestige and credibility.

By: Sofía Vargas