The Apache tribe consists of six subtribes, such us, Western Apache, Chiricahua, Mescalero, Jicarilla, Lipan and Kiowa. The Apache tribe was located the mountains and plains of southern Arizona and New Mexico, and also in Mexico.
Website: http://www.greatdreams.com/apache/apache-tribe.htm
THE APACHE FAMILY
"All Apachean peoples lived in extended family units (or family clusters) that usually lived close together with each nuclear family in separate dwellings. An extended family generally consisted of a husband and wife, their unmarried children, their married daughters, their married daughters' husbands, and their married daughters' children. Thus, the extended family is connected through a lineage of women that live together (that is, matrilocal residence), into which men may enter upon marriage (leaving behind his parents' family). When a daughter was married, a new dwelling was built nearby for her and her husband. Among the Navajo, residence rights are ultimately derived from a head mother. Although the Western Apache usually practiced matrilocal residence, sometimes the eldest son chose to bring his wife to live with his parents after marriage. All tribes practiced sororate and levirate marriages.
All Apachean men practiced varying degrees of avoidance of his wife's close relatives — often strictest between mother-in-law and son-in-law. The degree of avoidance differed in different Apachean groups. The most elaborate system was among the Chiricahua where men must use indirect polite speech toward and were not allowed to be within visual sight of his relatives that he was in an avoidance relationship with. His female Chiricahua relatives also did likewise to him.
Several extended families worked together as a local group, which carried out certain ceremonies, and economic and military activities. Political control was mostly present at the local group level.
Local groups were headed by a chief, a male who had considerable influence over others in the group due to his effectiveness and reputation. The chief was the closest societal role to a leader in Apachean cultures. The office was not hereditary and often filled by members of different extended families. The chief's leadership was only as strong as he was evaluated to be — no group member was ever obliged to follow the chief. The Western Apache criteria for evaluating a good chief included: industriousness, generosity, impartiality, forbearance, conscientiousness, and eloquence in language.
Many Apachean peoples joined together several local groups into bands. Band organization was strongest among the Chiricahua and Western Apache, while in the Lipan and Mescalero it was weak. The Navajo did not organize local groups into bands perhaps because of the requirements of the sheepherding economy. However, the Navajo did have the outfit, a group of relatives that was larger than the extended family, but not as large as a local group community or a band".
Website:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache
THE APACHE'S HEROE
"Geronimo was born Goyathlay (One Who Yawns) in 1829, and got his better-known name from the way Mexican soldiers mispronounced it. It was in Mexico that he learned to hate and fight, after his first wife and three children were killed in a massacre by the Mexican army. The guerrilla tactics he used against settlers and soldiers in Arizona had been developed by the Apaches over several centuries, ever since the Spanish conquests.
The Chiricahua Apaches who recognized Geronimo as a war leader (although he was born a Bedonkohe Apache) were semi-nomads who supplemented farming with raiding, and so guerrilla warfare came naturally; when the US took the southwest from Mexico in 1848 the continued their insurgency. Geronimo and his warriors were highly resourceful in adapting the technology of their industrialized enemy –especially rifles. At the beginning of the Apache wars they were still relying on the bow and arrow, but the more whites they killed, the more guns they acquired.
Geronimo finally surrendered after negotiations in 1887, but the US reneged on all promises and treated him as a common prisoner. He and hundreds of his people eked out an existence in prisons far from their homeland until his death at Fort Still, Oklahoma, in 1909. The reason there are so many photographs of him is that he learned to exploit the one resource left –his own name and image. He charged to have his picture taken and kept a stock of photographs for sale, charging extra for his signature. He has signed the picture in which he wears what he called a “war bonnet”. He also sold the bonnet.
Geronimo’s manipulation of his image helped turn him in the American imagination from demon to hero, and he remains the icon of mad courage he was for Second World War paratroopers who shouted “Geronimo!” when they jumped out of planes. The photographs here are not just records of a defeated warrior, but one who turned the tables on his captors to become more revered than any Bush is likely to be in American memory".
Webesite:http://www.cubanow.net/global/loader.php?&secc=1&c=2&item=1189
Website:
- http://mapahumano.fiestras.com/servlet/ContentServer?pagename=R&c=Articulo&cid=982959873625&pubid=982158433476
- http://mapahumano.fiestras.com/servlet/ContentServer?pagename=R&c=Articulo&cid=1006201189034&pubid=982158433476
ESSAYS
Cuase - Effect Essay
American tribe Colonization
Apache is the name of an American native tribe; it is located in Arizona and New Mexico. The name of the tribe means enemy and was determined by Spanish colonists. They were fishermen, agriculturists and hunters. It was a powerful tribe and they did not want to lose and destroy their culture and beliefs, for that reason they lived in continuous confrontation with Spanish colonists.
First at all, during the Anglo-American colonization for new territory in the American west, they were with a great obstacle to be able colonized until the Pacific coasts. The suffered Apaches used firearms and horses to kill someone who was introduced in their territories. Many Spaniards, Mexican and Anglo-American died at the hands of the apaches.
On the other hand, the colonization also brought for the Tribe new changes, like styles life, because Spanish colonists brought new traditions that they wanted to implement. For example: they were barbarous and cruel, such as Spaniards had them reason to evangelize.
Introduce new cultures to establish in a society always brings a lot of problems; therefore the colonization of the culture Apache had had so many confrontations with the white colonists.
However, new experiences like colonization, also allow that world knows different culture and what had occurred with them.
By: Lina Maria Parra
Comparing and Contrasting Eassy
¿Alejandro Sanz and Miguel Bose are similar singer?
Nowadays, we can speak about different styles from music, because that we know different rates that transmit feelings. At the moment, the music of Alejandro Sanz has melodic rates directed to the enamored ones; Miguel Bose also represents the happiness to be love in its letters. Although the rates are similarities, their personalities are very different.
Alejandro Sanz and Miguel Bose were born in Spain and began their race in this country they are wining over with their lyrics song to men and women. Thanks to its successes they have had much audience in each of its concerts. Spite of, Miguel Bose is more old that Alejandro Sanz, Miguel Bose improve in new rates and musical lyrics.
However, they are some differents. Miguel Bose has not had children whereas who Alejandro Sanz has a small daughter to whom him has written some songs. These artist handle rates very different, so that. Moreover Miguel Bose is more expressive in the lyrics song, in contrast Alejandro Sanz is more sensible and loving. Another difference is in this times Miguel Bose lives in Madrid while Alexander San lives in Miami
All in all, both singers have been much successful in their better musical races and have helped to construct relationship with their songs. And but the important thing to make the society happy.
By: Lina María Parra
EXTRA CREDIT
Lyrics song
I just can't wait to be king
I'm gonna be a mighty king, so enemies beware!
I've never seen a king of beasts
With quite so little hair
I'm gonna be the mane event
Like no king was before
I'm brushing up on looking down
I'm working on my roar
Thus far a rather uninspiring thing
Oh, I just can't wait to be king
No one saying do this Now when I said that--
No one saying be there What I meant was--
No one saying stop that What you don't realize--
No one saying see here Now see here!
Free to run around all day That's definitely out--
Free to do it all my way!
I think it's time that you and I
Arranged a heart-to-heart
Kings don't need advice
From little hornbills for a start
If this is where the monarchy is headed
Count me out
Out of service, out of Africa
I wouldn't hang about
This child is getting wildly out of wing
Oh, I just can't wait to be king
Everybody look left
Everywhere you look I'm--
Standing in the spotlight
Not yet
Let every creature go for broke and sing
Let's hear it in the herd and on the wing
It's gonna be King Simba's finest fling
Oh, I just can't wait to be king!
Oh, he just can't wait to be king!
Oh, I just can't wait...
Just can't wait
To be king!
VOCABULARIO
Mighty: having, characterized by, or showing superior power or strength: mighty rulers.
Beasts: An animal other than a human, especially a large four-footed mammal.
Brushing: the act of brushing your teeth; "the dentist recommended two brushes a day"
Rather: Had or would rather, to prefer that or to: I had much rather we not stay. We would rather go for dinner after the show.
Arranged: to place in proper, desired, or convenient order; adjust properly: to arrange books on a shelf
Spotlight: A strong, focused light thrown upon a particular spot, as on a small area of a stage or in a television studio, for making some object, person, or group especially conspicuous
By: Lina María Parra
ARTICLES
In London, a rocking celebration of jewels
By Suzy Menkes
Published: June 16, 2008
LONDON: Don't mention the R-word - unless it is about rich red rubies, royal refinement or rocks that rock. Recession may be looming in Britain, with unemployment up and the economy on the slide, but London Jewellery Week kicked off with spectacular celebrations, from fireworks in the headquarters of the private bank Coutts to the cult architect Zaha Hadid showing a sculpted body piece embedded with Swarovski crystals.
And proving that money hasn't dried up as Prime Minister Gordon Brown reins in the super rich, the auction of Onassis gems, which fetched £6.8 million, or $13.3 million, at Christie's last week, smashed jewelry sale records.
Some of the events were serendipitous. Prince Dimitri of Yugoslavia, who had his glamorous aunt by marriage, Princess Michael of Kent, routing for him at his soirée, had no idea that London had launched a jewel season when he brought his hyper-colorful gems from his New York atelier to Partridge in Bond Street.
The royal-blood designer displayed a family amethyst that had left the Russia of the czars with his great-grandmother, Grand Duchess Vladimirovna. But it was worked into a modern, multicolored necklace with the gems hung on a hippie leather plait. The melding of old and new - for the guest list, as for the jewels - was the week's class act.
On the other side of town, Nadja Swarovski was bringing on the bling at Runway Rocks. Designers ranged from bravura jewelry specialists Shaun Leane and Johnny Rocket to the fashion wunderkind Christopher Kane (threading crystal ribbons through golden rings). They all showed different ways of embellishing the body: lighted with techno rubies by Hussein Chalayan; while the Indian designer Manish Arora created a multicolored skeleton worked on a bodysuit.
The inaugural Coutts London Jewellery Week (www.londonjewelleryweek.co.uk), in partnership with the London Development Agency, was energetic but unfocused. It encompassed anything from affordable engagement rings from Hatton Garden, the city's diamond district, to heritage pieces offered in the historic Burlington Arcade shopping passage to 50 contemporary jewel designers on display at the Tower of London. A multitude of retailers, craft workshops and especially staged events created a spotty celebration of the city's offerings.
Yet the basic concept of focusing on jewelry - at the same time as London's Graduate Fashion Week of catwalk shows - proved just how dynamic England is about pushing for creativity with an inimitable cosmopolitan mix of haute, hip and hippie.
"Jennifer Lopez has got one like that - have you seen her wearing it?" asked Stephen Webster, the jewelry designer with a star-studded clientele and a rock 'n' roll attitude. His exceptional pieces included J-Lo's curry-colored Tiger's eye ring and a "shark's jaws" ring, its gold "teeth" whitened with pavé diamonds and clenching a smoky quartz stone.
Theo Fennell, who is in the process of remodeling his role to concentrate on one-off designs and on training a new generation, said that he admired student creativity at the Royal College of Art (where the company bestows annual awards), Central Saint Martins and Birmingham Institute of Art and Design.
"I love the idea of London jewelry week, but it is going to need time to mature," said Fennell. "But people are realizing that this town is the best for schools and best for young jewelry designers
VOCABULARY:
looming: Asomar
headquarters: Jefaturas
Jewellery: Joyeria
Auction: Subasta
jewels: Joyas
ranged: Extendido
Car bomb kills dozens in Baghdad
By Richard A. Oppel Jr. and Ali Hamid Published: June 17, 2008
BAGHDAD: The deadliest attack in the capital in more than three months killed at least 51 people and wounded 75 when a car bomb exploded as shoppers were strolling through a busy Shiite neighborhood market on Tuesday evening.
The blast struck a crowded bus terminal near a market in Hurriya, a northwest Baghdad district that once had a large population of Sunnis but after the invasion saw horrific ethnic cleansing by Shiite militias and death squads, who killed or drove thousands of Sunnis out of the area.
The blast left survivors and relatives of the victims enraged and on edge. One man lost 11 relatives, including five female cousins. At a courtyard in front of the Khadamiyah Hospital morgue, people screamed, wept and shrieked. Some cursed the government for allowing the blast to happen while others called on God for revenge.
People fleeing the blast site who were interviewed by a New York Times reporter at a cordon set up around the scene of the attack said there had been two bombs, not the single explosion that Iraqi officials described. Iraqi forces sealed off the area and allowed in only ambulances and police vehicles. One worker at the morgue of nearby Khadamiyah hospital said that 35 to 40 bodies had been brought to the hospital within the first two hours.
The bomber struck as Iraqi and American troops were attending a neighborhood meeting nearby, according to one Iraqi policeman interviewed at the scene. After the blasts, the policeman said, some people angrily surrounded humvees and started throwing rocks and other objects. A rumor swept the crowd of frantic survivors that there was still one car bomb left that had yet to be detonated.
According to an official at the interior ministry, the casualty toll was the worst for any attack in Baghdad since early March, when a two-stage bomb blast in the Karrada shopping district killed at least 54 people and wounded 123
VOCABULARY:
Deadliest: El más mortal
shoppers: Compradores
crowded: Apretado
blast: Estallar
forces: Fuerzas
angrily: Airadamente
wounded: Herido
bodies: Cuerpos
revenge: Venganza
Website: http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/06/17/style/fjewel.php. visit: June 17, 2008
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